World Bank says risk increased for countries like Pakistan amid high level of domestic debt
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Notes Islamabad accounts for two-thirds of South Asia’s external debt obligations to Beijing
WASHINGTON (Web Desk/Reuters) – In South Asia, external debt obligations to China rose nearly sevenfold over 11 years, from $6.4 billion in 2012 to $42.9 billion in 2022, of which two-thirds was accounted for by Pakistan, the World Bank said.
Domestic debt levels were also high in countries like Argentina and Pakistan, increasing risks, the World Bank said in its latest International Debt Report.
It said developing countries spent nearly half a trillion dollars to service their external public and publicly guaranteed debt in 2022, draining funds from critical health, education and climate needs, and putting the poorest countries at increasing risk of "tumbling into a debt crisis".
The bank said the debt-service payments – including principal and interest – rose 5 per cent to a record $443.5 billion from a year earlier amid the biggest surge in global interest rates in four decades. It said the payments could shoot 10pc higher in 2023-2024.
Countries that deferred making principal and interest payments under the Group of 20's Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) adopted during the COVID pandemic now faced additional costs now that those payments were due, the bank said, although exact data won't be reported until 2024.
The 75 poorest countries were hardest hit, said the report, now in its 50th year. Their external public debt service payments reached a record $88.9 billion in 2022 and would surge by 40pc over the 2023-2024 period. Their interest payments alone had quadrupled since 2012 to $23.6 billion, it said.
"This is the decade of reckoning," World Bank chief economist Indermit Gill told Reuters in an interview. "Record debt levels and high interest rates have set many countries on a path to crisis,” he said, warning that continued high interest rates would push more developing countries into debt distress.
Gill said he was paying close attention to Ethiopia's discussions with bondholders after a breakdown in talks over how long to extend the maturity and spread out repayments of its single $1 billion international bond maturing in December 2024.
"Ethiopia is like a canary in the coal mine," he said. "It's the biggest country that would default. That's an important one. It's one of the five biggest economies in sub-Saharan Africa."
Ethiopia is careening toward default after it said last week it could not pay a $33 million bond coupon due on Monday.
Gill called for "quick and coordinated action" by debtor countries, private and official creditors, and multilateral financial institutions to improve transparency, develop better debt sustainability tools, and speed up debt restructurings.
African countries faced "another lost decade," Gill told Reuters, noting they had seen no per capita income growth since 2014 on average.
In a foreword to the report, Gill said one in every four developing countries was now priced out of international capital markets and there had been 18 sovereign debt defaults in 10 countries over the past three years, more than in the past two decades combined.
Debt service payments consumed an ever-larger share of export revenues, with some countries now "just one shock away from a debt crisis," Gill wrote, noting that about 60pc of low-income countries already in or at risk of debt distress.
The report noted private capital had largely withdrawn from developing countries, favouring higher interest rates in advanced economies. Private creditors pulled out $185 million more in principal repayments than they disbursed in loans, the first time that was seen since 2015.
The report showed a net outflow of $127.1 billion from low- and middle-income countries to bondholders, compared to an average inflow of $202 billion from 2019-2021.
The World Bank and other multilateral creditors, helped fill the gap, providing a record $115 billion in new financing for developing countries in 2022, the report said.
